坑状浅沟侵蚀研究

坑状浅沟作为浅沟与切沟的中间过程，深入理解它对于进一步认识切沟侵蚀规律具有十分重要的意义，但是还没有见到相关的研究报道。以内蒙古高原的一个小流域为例。利用高精度的全球定位系统（GPS）测量坑状浅沟侵蚀的形态参数，探讨了坑状浅沟的相关特征，分析了坑状浅沟的坡度（S）和上有集水区面积（A）的关系（S—A）、侵蚀体积（V）和长度（L）的关系（V-L），以期能推动坑状浅沟侵蚀的研究。     

Gully development in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania

Gully erosion has been recognized as an important environmental threat in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. The main objective of this study was to define the process-based gully development by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments.Three main areas of monitoring gullies were explored: aerial photographs of flights in 1960 and 1970, classical leveling and repeated survey through a particular close stakes grid after 1980. The Caesium-137 technique has been used effectively in the areas of deposition of gully sediments to obtain reliable information on dating specific levels of sediments and to provide chronological measures of gully development.Most of the discontinuous gullies exhibit both proper gullying, mainly if not exclusively by gully head advance, and aggradation of the gully basin floor. Results indicated that the mean gully head retreat was 0.92 m year^− 1 and the mean areal gully growth was 17.0 m² year^− 1. Both values indicate a slow erosion rate for this area. The average annual regime of gullying is pulsatory, one that is best described by great fluctuations. Conventional measurements on sedimentation over the period 1987–1997 indicate a higher rate of aggradation in the upper half of the gully floor. Information on the Caesium-137 depth profile was used to provide estimates of a mean sedimentation rate of 4.4 cm year^− 1 over the period 1963–1996 and 2.5 cm year^− 1 after 1986 for the short successive discontinuous gullies. A new classification of the discontinuous gullies based on two criteria, respectively, the field patterns and the rate of aggradation within the gully basin floor was established.For continuous gullies, linear gully head retreat, areal gully growth and eroded material rates were quantified for three periods (1961–1970, 1971–1980 and 1981–1990). Results indicate that gully erosion has decreased since 1960. This gullying decline is due to the rainfall distribution, and the increased influence of soil conservation practices. The mean gully head retreat of 12.5 m year^− 1 between 1961–1990 was accompanied by a mean areal gully growth of 366.8 m² year^− 1 and a mean erosion rate of 4168 t year^− 1. As with discontinuous gullies, continuous gullies showed pulsatory development.The critical period for gullying over 1981–1996 covers 4 months from Mid March to Mid July in an area with mean annual precipitation around 500 mm. Another main finding of this 16-year stationary monitoring was that 57% of the total gullying occurred during the cold season, with the remainder during the warm season. Of the total gully growth, 66% results from only four years (1981, 1988, 1991 and 1996), when a greater amount of precipitation fell.     

甘肃省黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀沟道特征

[目的]对甘肃省黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀沟道的分级分类进行简要研究,为进一步推动该区水土保持和生态治理工作提供理论基础。[方法]在甘肃省第一次全国水利普查结果的基础上,运用GIS技术,采用地貌几何定量数学模型分级方法,定量化分级沟道,并从地质、地貌、大小以及形状对侵蚀沟道进行分类,由此来推断黄土高原区侵蚀沟道的特征。[结果]甘肃黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀沟道主要以Ⅰ级沟道为主,其中丘陵沟壑区主要以半开析、中度割裂、半主沟型为主;高塬沟壑区主要以半开析、中度割裂、支沟型为主。[结论]丘陵沟壑区第五副区沟壑狭窄陡峭,沟道破碎化程度高,水土流失量高,治理难度大,沟道难以利用。     

崩岗侵蚀地貌分布的海拔高程与坡向选择性

崩岗侵蚀地貌在华南地区广泛分布,近年的崩岗普查为科学研究提供了详实的资料。根据统计结果,重新认识了早期提出的崩岗侵蚀地貌的分布具有海拔高程和坡向选择性的特点。通过对几个典型崩岗发育区资料的分析表明,人类生产活动的高程范围影响着崩岗的发育和分布,崩岗分布的地形相对高差研究较海拔高程研究更具现实意义。以推理方式质疑已有崩岗侵蚀地貌分布坡向性选择的成因解释,并提出可能是由于统计盲点而导致的表象性误差。分析结果表明,太阳辐射—崩岗发育的推论有其限制条件,应将人类生产活动作为崩岗侵蚀地貌发育新的驱动力给予充分认识。     

脆弱生态环境对干旱区采矿的响应与对策——以毛乌素沙漠边缘矿区为例

毛乌素沙漠边缘属干旱半干旱区 ,当地矿区生态环境十分脆弱 ,对人类采矿活动响应十分敏感。本文以该区典型代表区大柳塔试验区为例 ,通过野外对比性试验 ,从水分量和水势能的动态变化揭示脆弱生态环境与采矿塌陷作用之间的响应机制 ,并以其为依据 ,提出防治生态环境进一步恶化的对策和建议。     

赣南红壤崩岗侵蚀区植物群落的研究

研究了赣南红壤崩岗侵蚀区植物群落的种类组成,结构特征和分布特点,并应用系统聚类分析方法划分了不同群落类型,所得结果与定性分类基本相同,说明该方法是适用于严重侵蚀地植被分类的,同时发现现存代表植物群落、生境具有显的次生、早生和退化特性,现在的优势植物群落是退化形的相对稳定的次和群落。     

赣县崩岗洪积扇土壤肥力的空间分异规律

崩岗侵蚀是南方花岗岩地区最严重的侵蚀方式,已成为我国一种严重的环境地质灾害,尤其是崩岗侵蚀产生的大量洪积物沉积在农田中,造成洪积扇农田沙化。以赣县田村镇崩岗洪积扇为研究对象,采集扇顶到扇缘不同区域的土样,研究该地区崩岗洪积扇土壤颗粒组成及土壤肥力的分异规律。结果表明:崩岗洪积扇土壤理化性质在空间分布上具有明显的分异规律。由扇顶到扇缘,土壤砾石和砂粒质量分数均逐渐减少,粉粒和黏粒质量分数则逐渐增加,土壤肥力也随之呈显著增加趋势。利用Pearson相关系数分析显示,土壤肥力与土壤砾石和砂粒质量分数呈显著负相关,而土壤肥力与粉粒和黏粒质量分数呈显著正相关。采用修正的内梅罗综合指数法对洪积扇土壤进行肥力评价发现,土壤肥力沿扇顶到扇缘逐渐增加,相比于扇顶土壤,扇中、扇缘土壤肥力等级系数分别增加了119.31%和157.93%。研究崩岗洪积扇土壤肥力分异规律有利于农业用地规划,对崩岗洪积扇土壤改良和提高农业经济效益有重要意义。     

用粒度分析法计算砒砂岩区小流域泥沙来源的探讨

小流域泥沙来源是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容 ,目前国内外主要利用径流泥沙资料 ,采用统计分析方法来确定小流域不同地貌部位及不同侵蚀类型的产沙量。采用粒度分析法对砒砂岩不同侵蚀类型区典型小流域泥沙来源进行分析计算的结果表明 :小流域泥沙主要来自于沟谷地 ,其产沙量占小流域总产沙量的 79 39%～ 84 89% ;沟间地产沙量占15 86 %～ 2 0 16 %。